Imperialism

Imperialism in Africa
Imperialism in the Middle East
 * Positive Effects
 * Negative Effects
 * Britain
 * France
 * Belgium
 * Germany

Imperialism in Asia

 * ======China======
 * ======Ottoman Empire======
 * ======India======
 * French Imperialism in Indochina
 * Dutch Imperialism in the East Indies
 * Japan

Key Imperialists/ Supporters for Imperialism

 * Benjamin Disraeli
 * John Atkinson Hobson
 * Cecil John Rhodes
 * Herbert Spencer
 * Joseph Chamberlain
 * Rudyard Kipling--The White Man's Burden

Anti-Imperialists

 * Anti-Imperialist League
 * Andrew Carnegie
 * William Jennings Bryan
 * Mark Twain
 * Mahatma Gandhi

Literary Criticism of Imperialism

 * Imperialism throughout the Ages

Results of Imperialism
Gender and Empire
 * ======Positive Effects of Imperialism======
 * ======Negative Effects of Imperialism======
 * ======Impact of Imperialism on the "Imperialized"======
 * World Economy

Imperialism in the Modern World

 * Imperialism in the Twentieth Century
 * Imperialism in the Twenty-First Century
 * Modern U. S. Imperialism
 * U.S. and Latin America
 * Comparing the U.S.'s Imperialism in 1898 to Modern U.S. Imperialism
 * Travel as a Form of Imperialism Today
 * Cultural Imperialism
 * Imperialism in Libya

What is Imperialism?
 Imperialism is the domination of one country's political, economic, and/or cultural life by another country. The Merriam-Webster dictionary defines Imperialism as "the policy, practice, or advocacy of the power and dominion especially by direct territorial acquisitions or by gaining indirect control over the political/economic life of other areas." Powerful governments sought new land to control economically and/or politically, often because the land had excellent raw materials and abundant luxury items. Countries involved in imperialism saw war and bloodshed in order to either protect their nations and independence or acquire more land, the latter countries with the excuse of bettering the world.

Although European countries had been taking land for their own since the late fourteen hundreds, the Age of Imperialism began around the mid-1800's. During this Age of Imperialism, European countries (as well as a few international powers) all shifted their attention from their own domestic reforms and industrial revolutions to their foreign policy. Before 1850, European imperialism was mainly local (ex: Great Britain's domination of Ireland); after 8150, however, imperialism took on an international role, and the supposedly superior countries began looking to takeover the supposedly inferior countries that were seas and oceans away. The great powers of the world set out to conquer and civilize countries such as India, China, and Africa. The most dominant imperial powers during the Age of Imperialism were the United Kingdom, France, Italy, Germany, The United States, and Japan.

The most powerful nations sought to expand for several reasons, such as financial gain, power, and Christian responsibility. Once conquered, the dominant nation had to decide how to govern. The type of control had to be decided: colonization, a protectorate, or a sphere of influence. In a colony, the people would be directly managed by the mother country's government. The government could send in its own officials and maintain its laws as the governing laws of the colony (HowStuffWorks). If a protectorate was chosen, the governing country would retain partial control over the land (Protectorate). Mainly, its job would be to protect the acquired nation and influence the nation's government. In the case of a sphere of influence, the ruling nation would just require exclusive trading rights or other advantages over its competitors; political control of the conquered nation was usually not sought (Deudney).
 *  Levels of Imperialism **

** Imperialism and Capitalism** Industrial nations established monopolies through their ability to mass produce manufactured goods very quickly. This speed and volume of production allowed them to saturate their domestic markets (Lenin). European nations then turned to colonization in order to create new markets to increase the demand for their goods and, therefore, their profitability. Imperialism also allowed European nations to seize large supplies of valuable raw materials once they had exhausted their own nations natural resources. Finally, the creation of banks led to the rise of a financial oligarchy that allowed the wealthy to make investments of capital that would fund the colonization efforts (Lenin). The nations of Europe were therefore able to expand their monopolies to include the foreign territories that they conquered as new markets and sources of raw materials.

There were many motives that gave rise to this Age of Imperialism as it came to be known. As Europe was emerging from their second industrial revolution, newly conquered colonies were perfect outlets for the newly manufactured goods. Not only were they an outlet, but they were also sources for new raw materials to benefit the mother country by keeping the wheels of the Industrial Revolution turning. With this exchange in place, there was a variety of commercial and economic benefits which contributed to the financial and overall success of the mother country. Unfortunately, this success was most often achieved at the expense of the colonies.
 *  Causes of Imperialism **

=
European nations also sought to expand their power. Since very early in European history, land implied power. The more colonies a country controlled and regulated, the more powerful they were considered to be. This quest to conquer more land led to competition. As one country gained more and more land, others followed suit out of mere competition. They also fought to maintain the balance of power that Europe had always sought to uphold. ====== An important incentive for European Imperialism was simply because of curiosity. There had been missionaries going to these foreign nations and discovering new resources and people that would be beneficial for them. When these missionaries would send Europe any new information that was acquired an great interest sparked the people. The people finally had a reason to go and travel to see these new mysterious lands. This interest influenced others to travel to the foreign countries and begin to imperialize.

Another motive for imperialism was the idea that Europeans were more socially advanced than their African and Asian counterparts. The belief that the European culture, religion, and social structure were, in effect, better than those of the imperialized nations motivated European countries to spread their way of life. Ideas regarding racial and cultural superiority also emerged during the second industrial revolution. Ideologies such as Social Darwinism came to dominate the European thinking; nations thought that, due to their more advanced and "civilized" way of living, they had the both the power and duty to conquer "lesser" countries and transform the societies into ones resembling those of the Europeans. The dominance of Christianity also held an important role in moving European nations towards imperializing; the rapid spread of Islam in the Middle East and parts of Africa seemed to be a threat to the central role Christianity had in European politics and culture. By imperializing, nations thus hoped to convert natives in foreign regions to Christianity before Islam could reach them.



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<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">During Old Imperialism, European countries stressed on wealth, which was gold, silver, and other luxury items. They wanted to civilize or spread the same religious thoughts, and they wanted to spread their power by claiming foreign territories.They were simply navigating too see what was out there but never had the reason to go deep within the country. This is because they did not know have any knowledge of the foreign lands. Europe wanted to mainly travel to foreign countries to create new trading routes. They had never had the incentive to go and manage a foreign country. This changed with New Imperialism,it was a period of time during the nineteenth century when the European powers wanted to conquer the remaining unclaimed lands, gain money, and be supreme power. It was now about maintaining a permanent European presence in the other countries. It was a time of intense expansion and obtaining the most power.
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial Black',sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-weight: normal;"> New Imperialism **

<span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: left;">**Motives for New Imperialism** <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">__T____echnological__ motives played a major role during the age of Imperialism. New advancements in weaponry such as steamboats, industrial weaponry, gun boats, armed steam boats, and other military tools helped the European countries during the battles and wars. These weapon developments allowed them to conquer and spreading their imperial rule. New inventions such as ironclad warships, telegraph, and modern medicine also helped spreading people to far places such as continental Africa. Example: Quinine was used to treat malaria, armed steamboats were used in conquest of Burma and opening of china, and dynamite lessened difficulty of building roads (Chambers). <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">__Economic__ motives were the need for natural resources and expanding of markets, mostly because of the fact that industrialization was spreading all over Europe. Europeans also wanted cheap labor. These European countries wanted the opportunity to invest in mines, factories, and railways to earn profits. They also wanted an outlet for growing populations. During New Imperialism, European countries wanted money alone. Example: Britain exported one-third of industrial goods and one-quarter of its investment capital to India. Britain also traded overseas with Latin America and United States (Chambers). <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">__Political__ motive was the desire to gain national status by increasing economic, military and territorial power which is by increasing national security, creating strong and centrally governed nation states and by spreading nationalism. Example: For Kaiser Wilhelm II, motivation for building strong German navy was to contest Britain's global power, likewise, new nation of Italy wanted colonial empire in North and East Africa as to achieve great power and status (Chambers). <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">__Religious__ motives were to spread Christianity and share western civilization. These motives were resisted because it caused a loss of identity, and national leaders used this as means of attracting its citizens.

=<span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">Africa = <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">After the 1884 to 1885 Congress of Berlin, many European countries, including Spain, Portugal, Italy, Germany, Great Britain, Holland, Belgium, and France sought to gain power in Africa. This was known as the Mad Scramble for Africa, and Britain and France were ultimately the most successful in imperializing on the continent. The countries involved were motivated by Africa's qualities, such as a variety of natural resources, and also the European responsibility to spread their ideals and practices to the rest of the world. They wanted to spread their political and religious beliefs, acquire goods, gain land, strengthen their economy, and trade easily throughout the world. Imperialism brought wealth and power to Europe, and devastation and anguish to Africans.

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">"Black Africa was the last area to be colonized by Europeans, and presented barriers due to transportation difficulties and vulnerabilities of Europeans to diseases. Africa was shared out at a meeting in 1884, with straight lines often used for frontiers, since the geography was often unknown. Abysinnia succeeded in retaining its independence, and Liberia was set up for former slaves, but elsewhere, Europeans ruled by 1914. Europeans both invented African tribes, and organized people into existing tribes. European rule was opposed by the US, and there was pressure to end it after 1945," (The scramble for Africa). The great powers of Europe wanted to maintain the balance of power, so when one nation went into Africa, they all went. Africa was rich in gold, silver, diamonds, cotton, irony, oil, and other goods. Europeans felt they were helping Africa become Civilized by changing their form of life to be more like Europe. It was the white mans burden to help the world become as advanced as them.

<span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 0px; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; overflow: hidden;">

This map shows Africa in 1914 and which European countries expanded to certain regions. Great Britain has about 13 countries under their control, but the French

<span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 0px; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; overflow: hidden;">control is also large. The French regions are also in between British territory, which in the future may cause tension. The only independent countries at this time

<span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 0px; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; overflow: hidden;">were Ethiopia (East coast) and Liberia (West coast). It is extremely interesting to see that this huge continent was almost entirely taken over by the European

<span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 0px; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; overflow: hidden;">powers.

**Britain** controlled Sierra Leone (1807), Gold Coast(1821), Nigeria (1886), Dahomey (1890), Egypt (1882), Anglo-Egyptian Sudan (1898), Uganda (1890), Britain East Africa (1887), Aden, Britain Somaliland (1884), the Suez Canal, Northern Rhodesia (1889), Southern Rhodesia (1889), Bechuanaland (1885), Orange Free State (1899), Walvis Bay, and Union of South Africa.

**France** controlled Morocco (1906), Algeria (1830), Tunisia (1881), Mauritania, Senegal, Niger, Chad: French West Africa (1895), French Guinea (1849), Gambia (1807), Guinea (1886), Ivory Coast (1895), French Equatorial Africa, French Somali-land (1884), and Madagascar (1896).

**Germany** controlled Pogo land (1885), Cameroons (1884), German East Africa (1885), and German South West Africa (1884).

**Belgium** controlled the Belgium Congo (1885).

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; line-height: 0px; overflow: hidden;">media type="youtube" key="47wyvMv5ba8" height="359" width="613" <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">This video is about the struggle in Africa that discusses how countries like Uganda are still fighting, and have been fighting since the late 1800's. This constant feud over imperialism in Africa was nicknamed the "Scramble for Africa". Europe went in to Africa for many reasons, including the many resources and to "civilize" the natives. The European powers maintained a permanent place in Africa that they thought to be beneficial for its people. Britain had control from "Cape to Cairo", including the country of Uganda. In the south, the Bantu people were given some rights, but in the north, tribes like the Acholi and Langi were used for the military and police force. This created an extreme tension which has not resolved itself. The video goes on to show how other countries like Rwanda and Sudan have been divided by civil war ever since the late 1800's because of the European presence in Africa.

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;"> <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">Britain succeeded to stop the slave trade in Africa because there were many abolitionists called for preventing the slave trade. Many countries wanted to monopolize the land in Africa and gain natural resources because the land meant power. Therefore, according to the picture on the left, each nations tried to imperialize specific areas. Otto von Bismarck was the leading figure who wanted to prevent upsetting the balance of power. In the Congress of Berlin 1884-1885, the Berlin Act was created which divided Africa between European powers. <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">**Positive effects of Scramble Africa** <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">Europeans brought education into African region. Schools were established to educate African people. Many foreign crops were brought by Europeans such as maize, pear and cassava and platain from Asia. Also, Africans were able to learn and convert to Christianity and Islam. <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">**Negative effects of Scramble Africa** <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">Europeans destroyed the local empire system. Since Europeans depended on African's raw materials, all the Africans resources were taken to benefit for Europe rather than to Africa. Africans were sent to America as slaves. Those who were sent died along the Middle Passage or during their work as slaves. Lastly, Africa gained independence slowly due to the control European nations had over Africa's land. <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">**British Imperialism in Africa** <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">Britain had annexed Cape Colony in 1814 and wanted to gain control over all of South Africa with the construction of the Cape to Cairo canal to enable faster and more efficient trading. This resulted in the 1898 Battle of Omdurman, where the British displayed their military superiority over the native Sudanese tribesmen. The British were victorious due to their more advanced and modern weapons. As the British moved further south to imperialize and gain more raw materials in Cape Colony, the central African Bantu tribes were forced to move south. In 1832, the Dutch farmers who had dominated South Africa, known as Boers, had no choice but to leave their land, and this movement became known as the Great Trek. They traveled to Orange Free State and Transvaal, where they could establish their own independent republics.

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">As the British continued to expand in South Africa, tension with the Boers increased greatly. Britain wanted to take control over Transvaal so they could mine gold and diamonds, but, because the Dutch were mainly farmers, this would ruin their livelihoods. Leander Starr Jameson organized an attack on Transvaal, but it was unsuccessful. After many conflicts between the Dutch and the British, a war eventually erupted in 1899. The Dutch were successful in the beginning, a period referred to as the "Black Week," where the British were suffering in their struggle against the Dutch. The British then made many military changes and became significantly more forceful and powerful in battle. Lord Roberts was a large component of this change, as he utilized guerrilla warfare and concentration camps for the Boers. Eventually, the British annexed the region and formed the Union of South Africa in 1910. <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;"> [|Britain Octopus Cartoon](Flickr).

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">This map shows the conflicts over territory between Britain and the Dutch. As shown, the British had most of Southern Africa but still wanted to get the Boers (the Dutch farmers) out of their colonies. After Jameson's Raid in Transvaal (East cost) which was unsuccessful for Jameson, the western neighbors of Germany congratulated the Dutch in the Kruger Telegram. This telegram basically stated that Britain was a "foreign invader". This was just enough to push George V to war in 1899. The South African War began in December and after the "Black Week", it was evident that Britain needed help to defeat the Boers of the Transvaal and of the Orange Free State. After Kitchner was replaced by Lord Roberts, he introduced guerrilla warfare to the plan and was successful against the Boers.

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; line-height: 19pt;">** The Anglo-Boer War (South African War) ** <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; line-height: 19pt; margin-right: 70pt;"> In 1899, Britain established cape colony in South Africa and the descendants of the Dutch settlers (Boers) in Africa made Transvaal and the Orange Free State.in 1867, Britain started move Englishmen to Transvaal and Orange Free State to control them because gold and diamond were founded in these regions. Therefore, conflict occurred between Britain and Boer. Boer received military equipment from Germany; the Boers had a series of successes on the borders of Cape Colony and Natal between October 1899 and January 1900. However, the better-trained British army captured the capital of the Orange Free State, and British army killed over 26,000 of innocent civilians. As the result, the Boers surrendered to Britain. Thereafter, the Boer signed The Treaty of Vereeniging that made the Transvaal and the Orange Free State into British colonies.



**<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">French Imperialism in Africa **
<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">While Britain was imperializing from the north to the south, France began imperializing in the west and working its way to the east. General Louis Faidherbe lead this expansion effort and ran into many obstacles on his way including several native tribes. The French eventually signed many treaties with African leaders in order to annex large chunks of Africa. By the early 20th century, France had taken control of most of West Africa including present day Senegal where France's control was based due to the fact the French had begun to assimilate this area already. It also included Mali, Burkina Faso, Benin, Guinea, the Ivory Coast and Niger. Once settled in Africa, the French began efforts to assimilate the natives further, use valuable resources, and enforce taxes on the West Africans (Ajayi).

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">**The Fashoda Incident** <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">Because the french colonies in Africa were spreading from the west to the east they ran into some trouble with Britain, who was spreading out north to south. The french wanted to control the incredibly important waterways of the Nile while the British wanted to establish a railway from the Cape of Good Hope to Cairo, a north-to-south railway, through the entire length of the continent. This lead to a clash at Fashoda over an obscure outpost. With both countries wishing to occupy the fort at Fashoda, both sides agreed that they did not want a military entanglement, so they agreed to fly French, English, and Egyptian flags over the fort at Fashoda. However, things were very tense between the French and the British residing there. Theophile Delcasse, the new French foreign minister, did not want bad relations with Britain and wished to gain Britain's support against Germany, so he decided to allow the British to occupy the outpost, and withdrew the French residents. On March 21, 1899, the French and British governments agreed that the watershed of the Nile and the Congo would be the boundaries between their spheres of influence. <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">The region west of this watershed became the French's sphere, while the British took up residence in Egypt. This solution to the Fashoda Crisis led to the Anglo-French Entente of 1904.

**<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">The Belgian Congo **
<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">While Britain and France were successful in monopolizing most of Africa, Belgium focused on the Congo, located in central Africa. At the Berlin Conference of 1884-85, King Leopold II of Belgium succeeded in having it placed under his personal sovereignty. Leopold wanted control of the Congo due to its valuable natural resources of rubber, copper, and ivory. The natives of the Congo suffered under Leopold's rule. After monopolizing the Congo's trade, his troops forced Congolese men into hard labor at gunpoint. Some Congolese were made to build roads while others were forced to serve in Leopold's army. While Leopold's methods kept him safe from bankruptcy, other European powers condemned his actions of enslavement and murder toward the natives.

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">[] <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">This link is beneficial because it provides a detailed and more specific look at The Belgian Congo. It provides pictures as well as maps to engage the reader and explain the situation more fully. The link is useful because it gives ample evidence for its claims through examples and descriptions. It is also helpful because it shows "The Big Picture" point of view which helps the reader to draw conclusions and make connections to similar situations throughout history.

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">German Imperialism in Africa
<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">After Germany was finally unified, they followed the imperialistic trend - especially when it came to the scramble for Africa. The new country felt that becoming an imperial power would serve to define their strength and make a name for themselves despite the fact that they were newly unified. Many european powers - particularly Britain and France - felt that German imperialism would upset the balance of power; Germany did not care. After their successful colonization in 1884, Germany posed a threat to France and Britain and prompted the countries to pick up the imperial pace. <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">In only 1 year (1884), Germany acquired German Southwest Africa (modern-day Namibia) and Camerooon, among other land in Asia. Later on they also took control over Togoland and part of Tanzania (which they called German East Africa). Many argue that Germany's imperial success was a major cause for World War I. Unfortunately for this European power, however, the Treaty of Versailles stripped them of all their African colonies.

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">[] <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">^^If you follow this link, you will be directed to an excellent article that provides an insight into the connection between British and German imperialism. The author, Gustav Schmidt, compares and contrasts multiple aspects of both empires. The article discusses both countries' foreign policies, domestic policies/situations, and political agendas (among other things). Schmidt argues that on the surface, German andBritish imperialism seem very similar, but when one really analyzes all the evidence, the two countries were very different.

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">The Middle East
<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">The presence of oil in the Middle East proved to be a huge draw for the European powers. After the Industrial Revolution, finding sources of oil for machinery became vital, so Britain and France sought to imperialize locations such as Palestine and Northern Egypt. France was to build the Suez Canal for a shortcut between the Mediterranean and Red seas, so that they could reach India more easily. Eventually, England took Egypt away from France and became its official protector in 1882. Britain gained land in Palestine as a result of World War I. Although the land near the Mediterranean Sea was useful, the British had promised Palestine as a haven for both the Arabs and the Jews for their support in WWI. Unfortunately, the battle between the Jews and the Arabs still continues today (Caswell).

=<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">Asia =

**<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 19px;"> China **
<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">This picture shows how China was split into many sections by nations similarly to how a pie is cut into pieces. Each country is given a slice of China much to the dismay of the Chinese which is represented by the distraught man in the back flailing his arms. People depicted from left to right are Queen Victoria of England, Wilhelm II of Germany, Nicholas II of Russia, Marianne representing France and a Japanese samurai. Each of these nations are hoping obtain some of this land to further profit from Imperialism.

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">After successfully forming an Indian colony, Britain wanted to colonize China next. During that era, Europeans loved Chinese teas, silk, and ceramics, and Britain was no exception to these wants. Britain wanted to trade manufactured goods for luxury items from China, but the British industrial products were of no interest to the Chinese. Rather, China wanted to be paid in money. Britain soon found a solution to the commerce dispute: India, a British colony, had a large amount of arable land. The land allowed for vast cultivation of indigo, cotton, and more importantly, opium. The British traded the Indian opium for Chinese luxury items. As the Chinese population grew dependent on the drug, Britain was able to gain more of the high-demand Chinese goods.

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">When opium was banned, demand grew. In order to get Chinese goods, the British East India Trading Company flooded the Chinese market with cheap Indian-produced opium. By the nineteenth century, opium weakened the Chinese society through constant reliance on the drug. The economy worsened as Europeans stopped paying Chinese imports in metal specie (Chambers). The emperor Qing blocked the Port of Canton and seized all opium supplies of foreign merchants, hoping to end China's drug dependence. In response, Britain sent naval forces to defy the emperor. This led to the Opium War of 1840-1842, a British victory. Through the Treaty of Nanjing, Britain received control over Hong Kong and trading rights in five ports. The British wanted China to pay the indemnity for the war (Chambers). A Second Opium War (1856-1858) erupted due to the same causes as 1840, but when the emperor refused to agree to the peace treaty, Britain and France occupied Peking while Russia obtained Vladivostock (Chambers). After Opium War, the bloody Taiping Rebellion of 1850-1864 brought more grief to the Chinese politics and society. It was a millenarian peasant movement to over-throw the European-dominated Qing regime and establish a harmonious society (Chambers).

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">**Coolie Trade in the 19th century** <span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-position: 0% 0%; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; line-height: normal; margin: 12pt 0in;"> The Treaty of Nanking granted all British citizens in China the privilege of extraterritoriality, under which they were subject to British law but immune from Chinese law. The "coolie trade" refers to the importation of Asian contract laborers under force or deception during the 19th century. Coolies were exploited as substitutes for slave labor, even though they came as indentured servants. The British were the first to experiment with this form of labor migration. Most of the coolies were sent to Cuba on American ships. They were mainly men from southern China exported via Macao. Most of them were sent directly to sugar plantations or gold mines. Coolies worked and lived no better than slaves, having insufficient food, lacking medical care, working long hours, and suffering physical torture. The merciless coolie trade caused tension in international media and was criticized as a new form of slavery. The coolie trade was later banned by Peru and the United States. Portuguese also ended the coolie trade via Macao under international pressure.

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">**Boxer Rebellion** <span style="color: black; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">The Boxer Rebellion occurred as a result of anti-imperialist tendencies within China towards the Emperor for allowing considerable Western influence. The Boxers, or "Righteous Harmonious Fists", made up the secret society that aimed for "the expulsion of 'foreign devils' and their Chinese Christian converts" (Naval Historical Center). They thought they could do this through martial arts and supernatural influences. However unlikely this may seem, the Boxers succeeded in much anti-foreign violence throughout China that the Empress was not able to suppress. In June of 1900, the Boxer Rebellion occurred, fighting the Westerners in the Legation Quarter of Beijing. The Chinese government was unable to suppress these revolts, and substantial foreign military aid from the Eight Nation Alliance, a group of imperialist countries. The Rebellion was ended with the Boxer Protocol, which demanded indemnities to be paid to the Western nations for their trouble (Naval Historical Center). The Boxer Rebellion clearly demonstrates the anti-imperialist tendencies of China that were reflected in countries throughout the world who desired their own economic, political, and social independence.

**<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial Black',sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">China: A Helpless Giant **

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; line-height: 0px; overflow: hidden;">﻿ [[image:turk.jpg width="284" height="360"]]
<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">A<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">t the 1878 Congress of Berlin, leaders of the Ottoman Empire met with leaders of great European powers with the purpose of reorganizing Balkan territory. This took place after the Russo-Turkish War, which resulted in the collapse of the Ottoman Empire. The Congress was led by Otto von Bismarck of Germany, and the Ottoman Empire greatly suffered as a result of the changes made. It was forced to give up a large amount of land, including Bulgaria, which became an independent principality and Romania, which became fully independent. Bessarabia was given to Russia, Cyprus was given to Britain, and Bosnia and Herzegovina were given to Austria. In this cartoon, plates with nothing but bones are held up to Bismarck, who is saying, "Gentlemen, there is //really// no more Turkey," because the Ottoman Empire had been completely divided and given away.

=**<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial Black',sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: #000000; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">I <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">ndia **= <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">**British Domination** <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">The British were the main imperial power in India, having fought hard to establish a monopoly on Indian interactions, pushing out the Dutch and the French in the Battle of Plassey under Robert Clive. The government was not directly in control of Indian affairs; instead, they allowed the British East India Trading Company to rule. Britain was incredibly dependent on India for natural resources and luxury goods to fuel their prosperous economy, and the wealth that came from India led it to be known as the "jewel in the crown" (McDougal). Opium and cotton were some of the valuable resources that came out of the Indian economy.

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">Although the colonization of India was largely beneficial to Britain, the Indians also partially gained something. The exclusive British trade did hurt the economy, especially in the trade of textiles, where cheap British fabrics easily outsold the more expensive handmade Indian ones, crushing a valuable part of their industry (McDougal). They also passed laws that made the Indian economy completely dependent on the British to operate. The British East India Trading Company established a series of railroads, however, that boosted India economically. Now people could transport resources (primarily agricultural raw materials) throughout the country. Other areas of life improved, such as sanitation and public health (McDougal), overall modernizing Indian life. Despite these helpful actions, Indian culture, religion, and social status were largely oppressed or ignored by the British overlords, resulting in conflict that would shake British control.

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">Political Cartoon from Punch (April 15, 1876) <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">In 1857, the control of India was transferred from the East India Trading Company to the Crown (Taylor). This occurred because the Trading Company did not react effectively, thus making the British government feel it must have more direct control over India. In 1876, Queen Victoria was named the empress of India because of the passing Royal Titles Bill (Taylor). In 1877, Queen Victoria became the empress of India (BBC). In this political cartoon, Prime Minister Disraeli is shown giving the crown of India to Queen Victoria. This political cartoon criticizes this move by showing how Disraeli is corrupting the British monarchy. ||
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">**New Crowns for Old Ones!**

media type="youtube" key="jfQfZum5KsA" height="390" width="480"

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">In India Tipu Sultan fought for the independence from European imperialism and control. Tipu Sultan, or Tiger of Mysore, was the ruler of the Kingdom of Mysore. He won important victories against the British in the Second Anglo-Mysore War after negotiating the Treaty of Mangalore which was established in 1784. Due to the the atrocities carried out by Tipu in South Canara and Malabar and his expansionist intentions further south, the kingdom of Thiruvithamkoor {Travancore} entered into a treaty with the British East India Company. Tipu attacked Travancore at Nedumkotta in 1789. The British East India Company joined forces with Travancore and Tipu's forces were driven out. This was the beginning of the Third Anglo Mysore War. The British East India Company saw this as an opportunity to crush Tipu. Tipu lost all the areas that he had invaded, such as Malabar and Mangalore. The attack on Travancore was the beginning of the end of Tipu Sultan. In the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War in 1799 by the combined forces of the British East India Company, the Nizam of Hyderabad defeated Tipu and he was killed on 4 May 1799, defending the fort of Srirangapattana. Tipu Sultan's death marked the direct British involvement in Indian Affairs, (Tipu Sultan).

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<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">As the Mughal Empire declined, Britain seized almost the whole subcontinent of India. The British East India Company became the most important power in India. British law forced India to supply raw materials like tea, indigo, and cotton. British rule caused many problems; India lost economic benefits to Britain. Indian industry died out because of British trade laws. Many farmers and villages could not feed themselves because they were made to grow cash crops. ======

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<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">The growing Indian discontent with British rule erupted on May 10, 1857. In India, sepoys were Indian soldiers who were trained by the British military. A position in the British military as a sepoy offered Indians opportunity and a higher class in the basically immobile caste system of India. The sepoys heard rumors that the British were enforcing the use of new weapons that required the grease of pig and cows. Hinduism and Islam were the primary religions of India. Since the cow is sacred to Hindus, and the pig is abhorrent to Muslims, the sepoys were outraged. The sepoys demanded that the British either separate the grease fats so that it is not objectionable to their religions or that they use new weapons that do not require the grease of the animals. The British did not oblige thus leading to the Sepoy Mutiny of 1857. Intially the mutiny was spontaneous however, it quickly became more organized and the sepoys eventually took over the cities of Delhi and Kanpur. The mutiny was harshly crushed by the British. On September 20, 1857, the British recaptured Delhi and in the following months they recaptured Kanpur and withstood a sepoy siege on Lucknow as well. In addition to the British victories came widespread accusation against the Indians. In many cases, unarmed sepoys were bayoneted, sown up in the carcasses of pigs and cows, or fired from cannons. (Lincoln). A reason why the Indians failed was because of their Muslim and Hindu divisions. After the revolt, the British government took direct control of British India, as they saw that the British East India trading Company could not maintain control in India. ======

**<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">French Imperialism in Indochina **
<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">France began its imperialism in Indochina in the 17th century when the French military helped the Nguyen dynasty take control of Vietnam. During the 1800s, capitalist investors wanted a greater influence over Vietnam in order to acquire a greater market and more raw materials. Thus, when seven French missionaries were killed by the anti-Christian Vietnamese emperor in the 1840s, many wealthy industrialists as well as church leaders called for immediate military action (World History Atlas). Emperor Napoleon III declared war and invaded southern Vietnam, later conquering the northern half of the country as well as Laos and Cambodia, a colonial empire that would be renamed French Indochina. France controlled the new colonies with direct bureaucratic action, converting four times the normal amount of land to rice paddies and exporting the majority of the crops to be sold overseas. This caused food shortages among the Vietnamese peasants, encouraging anger against their French rulers. While health, education, and sanitation all improved under French rule, these economic changes toward a cash-crop economy caused resistance (World History Atlas). Furthermore, migration of workers and the diversity resulting from it caused many long-term cultural and religious conflicts that have continued until the present day.

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">**Dutch Imperialism in the Dutch East Indies (Indonesia)** <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">Dutch imperialism was headed by the Dutch East India Trading Company (VOC abbreviation) similar to their British rivals in name and purpose. This company traveled throughout Asia, establishing economic and political control in many parts of Asia in order to further their successful business in the motherland as a thriving trade nation. Asia was the prime source of international imperialism for the Dutch, their lands in Africa more useful as a stopping port before Asia than a settlement in itself. <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">The Dutch settled in other ports in Asia as well, further developing their economic influence. The VOC was already well developed from the old state of imperialism, having ports in Persia, Taiwan and Southern India, but were beginning to lose their ports by the end of the seventeenth century. They faced much conflict with Britain and France in their scramble for control of land. They were forced out of India after the Battle of Plassey against the British East India Trading Company. <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">The main focus of Dutch Imperialism was the Dutch East Indies, modern day Indonesia. They were the most valuable colony for the Netherlands, providing profits from coffee, oil, tobacco, rubber, sugar, and petroleum to finance the industrialization of the Netherlands (Janssen). The Dutch embraced a colonial attitude here, taking over the political and economic system completely with very little local government or autonomy, as well as destroying the cultural system under Social Darwinism. The Dutch had total control over every aspect of life in the East Indies, due to their complete military control through numerous campaigns to be successful in Asia after being pushed out of South Africa (Janssen). Netherland's imperialistic efforts benefited them greatly in the economic area, but they would later lose control of the Dutch East Indies in World War II.

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">Japan
<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">European imperialism in Japan was different than in the other Eastern countries because of Japan's unique political background and the measures taken by the Meiji shogunate. Though the Western world looked at Japan as a country to dominate, Japan molded itself into a powerful imperial nation.

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">Japan had historically followed an isolationist foreign policy. Excluding its limited trade with the Dutch and Chinese, Japan had very limited contact with the rest of the world before 1854. Throughout the 19th century, Japan underwent several famines, and the limited food supply, rise in population, and creation of cities resulted in a reorganization of the social structure (Decline of the Tokugawa). This left peasants, landless families, and jobless samurai discontented, and several protests took place against the government, the Tokugawa bafuku (Decline).

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">1854 marked Japans formal introduction to world affairs. In March 1854, Commodore Matthew Perry of the United States negotiated a treaty with Japan which allowed for the U.S. to trade with the island (Commodore Perry). This new trading policy created rifts between the bafuku and the Japanese people, and as tension rose between the citizens and shogunate, the Tokugawa bafuku began to lose its power (Decline). After an internal struggle over the next emperor of Japan, the bafuku reinforced its dominance by appointing Tokugawa Yoshitomi instead of Tokugawa Yoshinobu; Yoshinobu was a candidate favored by the other influential branches of the government, and by putting Yoshitomi in power, the bafuku aimed to restore its dominant role in Japanese politics (Decline). The bafuku also established more trading treaties with the United States and other countries (Decline).

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">Though the bafuku tried to reinforce its power through these actions, conflict between the Japanese feudal lords (han) and the shogun increased (Decline). Yoshitomi died in 1867, and Yoshinobu succeeded him as emperor (Decline). Political pressure from Japanese warlords (daimyo) caused Yoshinobu to agree to relinquish some of his power as emperor, but another political revolution occurred and han leaders seized the imperial palace in 1868 (Decline). Thus, the traditional bafuku was demolished, clearing the path for a new dynasty to rule Japan (Decline).

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">The Meiji replaced the Tokugawa as the rulers of Japan (The Meiji Restoration). The Meiji honored the Tokugawa trade treaties, and they promoted modernization by establishing telegraph cables and building railroads, shipyards, munitions factories, mines, textile manufacturing facilities, factories, and experimental agriculture stations (Meiji). They also focused on building a Japanese military (Meiji).

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">The Meiji rulers wanted to learn from the mistakes of their Asian counterparts so that they would not become a powerless, imperialized nation (Foreign Relations). They sent scholars to the United States and Europe to study the political systems and modern manufacturing, and the government used this information to create new domestic policies to allow Japan to "catch up with the West (Foreign). The Meiji's measures to westernize Japan resulted in a rapidly increasing Japanese industry, and as its influence in the world began to rise, Japan began to increase its efforts at imperialism (Modernization and Industrialization).


 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">Japanese Imperialism and War with Europe **

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<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">Japans focused its imperialist efforts mainly on nearby Korea and China, and its aims in these countries clashed with European desires for complete Eastern control (Overseas Expansion). ======

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">After the First Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895), Japan gained Taiwan, the Penghu Islands, and the Liaodong Peninsula (Overseas). The Liaodong Peninsula was part of southern Manchuria, an area of great interest to the European powers, and it was for this reason that Russia, Germany, and France opposed Japans ownership of the peninsula (Overseas). Japan gave up the area in return for more Chinese land (Overseas). Russia then increased its efforts to establish its power in China and Korea, and thus began the conflict that would eventually erupt into the Russo-Japanese War (Overseas). Britain, who, like Japan, did not want Russia to establish control in Manchuria, entered into an alliance with Japan; in the 1902 Treaty of Alliance, Britain recognized Japanese interests in Korea and promised to remain neutral in case of a war between Russia and Japan (Overseas). Meanwhile, the tension between Russia and Japan increased, and after Russia failed to remove its troops from Manchuria and refused Japans ultimatum, war began in 1904 (Overseas). Japan defeated Russia in 1905, and Russia agreed to recognize Japans interests in Korea (Overseas). These military victories reinforced the Japanese imperial power and increased Japanese nationalism (Overseas). They also signaled to Europe that Japan, unlike the other Asian nations, was not going to be politically or economically controlled by the West.

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">This picture shows how the Japanese brutally entered Korea. Japan not only took over Korea, but they used their newly acquired territory to enter China as is depicted by the sign on the left. The Japanese used Korea as a bridge to enter Manchuria helping Japan to remain a competitor with other European nations. With more land and resources, Japan is able to keep her economy growing strong and provide land for her citizens to live on. <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; line-height: 0px; overflow: hidden;">

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">media type="youtube" key="Gh0BbTe9qjE" height="390" width="640"

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">Japan was a very strong country. Even though Japan is only 375 thousand kilometers, Japan was strong enough to defeat much larger nations with its navy. Japan had been isolated from other countries because it is an Island of the coast of the Asian continent. Western nations came to Japan for its goods. Not all Japanese were happy that foreigners were coming into Japan. In 1867, the shogun stepped down and the Meiji era began. Japanese were fascinated at how advanced the west was, and acquired some of the western ideas. They believed that becoming like the west; they could prevent the west from imperializing Japan. Japan instead imperialized Taiwan, Pescadores Islands, and Korea. Japan prove to be a force to be reckoned with through its acquiring of these lands.

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">[|Japanese Imperialism] This website offers useful information about Japanese imperialism. It provides background on Japan that led to their expansion, reasons such as nationalism, Social Darwinism, and racism. It outlines several events involving Japan, such as the Sino-Japanese War and the Russo-Japanese War which were both causes and results of Social Darwinism. This website backs up and adds to information provided already in this section.



==<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 19px;"> Imperialism in South America == <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">In the middle of the various Latin American independence movements in the early 1800s, the United States issued the Monroe Doctrine in 1823. This stated that any attempt by a European power to reestablish control over a rebellious colony in South America would be viewed as a threat to the United States which had only recently won its independence from Great Britain. While the U.S. did not have the military prowess necessary to repel Spain or Portugal in 1823, Great Britain was only too pleased to lend its support in order to gain access to the lucrative South American markets that it had been denied under mercantilism. <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">While the Monroe Doctrine may have seemed to protect the young nations being created in South America in the 1800s, it also set a precedent for U.S. interference in the region.

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<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">After winning the Spanish-American War in 1898, the U.S. gained control of Spanish colonial possessions in Asia and South America. While Cuba and Puerto Rico were soon given a measure of self-government, the U.S. still reserved the right to intervene in their affairs when it best suited the national interests of the United States. ======

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<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">As President of the United States, Theodore Roosevelt issued an extension to the Monroe Doctrine that essentially stated that only the U.S. would be allowed to intervene in South America. With European nations trying to collect on bad debts in South American nations, the U.S. actually took over trade in areas in order to provide prompt payment to their creditors. ======



<span style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; display: block; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; padding: 0in; text-align: center;">// Speak softly and carry a big stick, you will go far- African proverb // <span style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; color: windowtext; display: block; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; padding: 0in;">The political cartoon displays Roosevelt's Big Stick Diplomacy. Roosevelt is depicted as a police officer exercising international police power with his nightstick, which is labeled the new diplomacy. The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine declared that the United States would exercise international police power in order to ensure that Latin American nations would honor their financial commitments. <span style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; color: windowtext; display: block; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; padding: 0in;">In 1902, Americans were concerned when British, German, and Italian naval forces blockaded Venezuela's ports because the Venezuelan government failed to pay dues to foreign bondholders. European involvement in Latin American would weaken Americans dominance in the region. An example of Roosevelt's Big Stick Diplomacy came in 1905, when the Dominican Republic could not pay its debts. To protect American interests, the United States took over the customs houses and established a customs receivership (Brainard).

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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 0px; overflow: hidden;">﻿ __<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">Pa nama Canal __======

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<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">A canal corridor between the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean served the national interests of the United States. The U.S. went so far as to provide aid to the rebelling province of Panama in its bid for independence from Colombia. In exchange, the U.S. was able to dig, maintain, and control access through the canal until 1999 when its lease expired, requiring its return to the Panama government. ======

<span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">American Involvement during the Age of Imperialism <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">Spain was one of the only European powers to expand westward into Central America and South America. Spain had control over Cuba, The Philippines and Guam, but all three of these Spanish territories desired autonomy from Spain, and rebelled for independence. The United States was becoming a leading global power, and sought to expand. Their main goal for expansion was to extend liberty and equality to other nations, but they also had economic motives. The United States had a lot of money invested in Cuba (only ninety miles from Southern Florida) because of Cuba's natural resources, including sugar cane, and trade between the United States and Cuba was strong. The United States started witnessing the injustice of the Spanish control over Cuba, and wanted to help Cuba gain their independence. After the sinking of the U.S.S. Maine (supposedly done by the Spanish), the United States declared war on Spain on April 5th, 1898; this became known as the Spanish-American War. The War ended on July 16th, 1898 when Spain unconditionally surrendered, and the Treaty of Paris was signed on December 10th, 1898. The treaty gave Cuba full independence, and ceded Guam and the Philippines to the United States. This acquisition of land divided Americans because some favored imperialism, while others only saw the horrors of expansion. <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">The Spanish-American War **

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">Culver Pictures political cartoon "Step at a time, sonny!"
 * jjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjj <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">The US fought with Spain in the Spanish-America War which was presented as the US helping to spread liberty and justice to the oppressed Puerto Rico, Guam, and Philippines by Spain. After the war in the Treaty of Paris, the US was given these territories for a specific price from Spain (American). The Filipinos expected that the US would give them their freedom. Instead, President McKinley put the island under military control declaring that the people of the island were too uncivilized to be able to govern themselves (American). This was a terrible blow to the people of the Philippines since the US was now the one refusing to grant them freedom.

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">This political cartoon adequately represents the very different mentalities of the US government and the Filipinos to the idea of a self-governed Philippines. ||

<span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Arial Black',sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-align: left;"> <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; line-height: 22px;">This picture demonstrates the opinion that the United States attempt at Imperialism was merely a "stunt" to show its power. This has some truth behind it because when the U.S. went into the Spanish controlled territories, such as, Philippines and Cuba, the people expected to the U.S. to assist them in gaining independence from Spain, but instead it was just to flaunt their new power. They instead took control of these areas and imperialized them. This "stunt" was supposed to have helped the foreign people but it instead caused more problems for them. It seemed to be an act to help these countries but the overall intention was to mainly acquire more power. The U.S. saw them as uncivilized and desired to improve their living. <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Arial Black',sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-align: left;">US Involvement in Imperialism

<span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">Key imperialists/Supporters of Imperialism:
<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">Benjamin Disraeli had served as a conservative prime minister of England twice for 7 years. He was a strong supporter of Imperialism and called for Greater England foreign policy that justified imperialism for spreading English superiority to other inferior countries. His first great success on imperial policy was acquisition of Suez Canal Shares. It prevented France from taking total control of a vital trade route (Barton) and allowed cheaper shipping to Asian colonies for England. He also attended Congress of Berlin in 1878 as a representative of England. He received Cyprus and settled the issues from the Russo-Turkish War. A summary of Disraeli's support of imperialism can be also found when he decides to make Queen Victoria the new Empress of India. Disraeli was one of the early imperialist leaders who led Great Britain to be ready for The Empire on which the sun never sets.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">Benjamin Disraeli **

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">John A. Hobson was an English economist and writer and lecturer about the critic of imperialism. His most popular book called Imperialism: A Study was written in opposing side of Boer War which published in 1902.His thought was that distribution of wealth and the working class led to the downfall of manufacturing industry. Therefore, financiers attempt to look forward to international markets for investment. Hobson's thought was based on the Lennist theory of imperialism. Also, he had the ideal views on the international cooperation on the process. __<span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1902hobson.html __(modern history sourcebook:John Hobson)
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">John Atkinson Hobson **

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">Herbert Spencer (1820-1903) was not only an English philosopher but also social Darwinist. Spencer developed a conception of the progressive development of the physical world, biological organisms, the human mind, and human culture and societies. He thought individualism and liberalism are important than a community. Moreover, he believed that simple society is gradually developed to complexity society. He is best known for coining the concept survival of the fittest, after reading Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species. Also, this term has been used by Charles Darwin. <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">media type="youtube" key="ELvno957poc" height="390" width="640" <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; line-height: 0px; overflow: hidden;"> <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; line-height: 0px; overflow: hidden;">
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">Herbert Spencer **

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">Born in 1853, Cecil Rhodes was an extremely wealthy man through his ownership of the worlds largest diamond company at the time. He began his journey while going to work for his brother on a farm in South Africa. While receiving a degree at Oxford University, Rhodes also established the De Beers consolidated Mines, Ltd., which by 1891 owned 90% of the worlds diamonds. Rhodes original ideas allowed him to become a member of the Parliament of Cape Colony. Queen Victoria granted him a charter to establish British South Africa Company in order to begin the imperialization of Africa. Rhodes united the British and Boers, (Dutch farmers) into one parliament of which he became the prime minister in 1890. After multiple conflicts with the Germans and Portuguese in Africa, Rhodes resigned in 1895 with land taken over, the Boers and British split, and his colleagues sent to prison. Rhodes died in 1902 a prosperous man leaving nearly 3 million to Oxford University. (Keating) This video gives an oral description of Rhodes life as a businessman and imperialist.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">Cecil John Rhodes **



<span style="color: #000000; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">T <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #000000; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">his picture depicts British imperialist Cecil Rhodes standing astride all of Africa. It symbolizes his importance in establishing British control of southern Africa after becoming prime minister of Cape Colony in 1890. Although he **was** removed from office after an unsuccessful invasion of the Transvaal, Rhodes influence on Cape Colony continued with the outbreak of the Boer War, which had been caused mainly by his policies. Since the Boer War eventually resulted in the unification of South Africa under British control, Rhodes actions and influence were extremely important in British imperialism. Had it not been for his aggressive actions against the Boers, Britain may never have established its colonial stronghold in South Africa (Regents Prep).


 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Joseph Chamberlain **

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Joseph Chamberlain, the son of a prosperous shoe manufacturer in London, was born in 1836 and died in 1914. He was a British business man, social reformer, radical politician and imperialist. In 1876 he was elected to the Parliament where his radical speeches frightened the Conservatives. He became the lieutenant to Prime Minister William Gladstone in the House of Commons and in 1882 he was appointed president of the Board of Trade. Chamberlain was a strong supporter of Imperialism. He supported the Anglo-Boer war in South Africa (Joseph Chamberlain). ====== <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">In February 1899, British novelist and poet Rudyard Kipling wrote a poem entitled The White Man's Burden: The United States and The Philippine Islands.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">Rudyard Kipling--The White Man's Burden **

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">Rudyard Kipling 1899 ||  ||   || <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">Send forth the best ye breed-- <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">Go bind your sons to exile <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">To serve your captives' need; <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">To wait in heavy harness, <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">On fluttered folk and wild-- <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">Your new-caught, sullen peoples, <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">Half-devil and half-child.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">"The White Man's Burden"
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">Take up the White Man's burden--

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">Take up the White Man's burden-- <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">In patience to abide, <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">To veil the threat of terror <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">And check the show of pride; <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">By open speech and simple, <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">An hundred times made plain <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">To seek another's profit,

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">Take up the White Man's burden-- <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">And reap his old reward: <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">The blame of those ye better, <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">The hate of those ye guard-- <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">The cry of hosts ye humour <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">(Ah, slowly!) toward the light:-- <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">" <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">And work another's gain. || <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">Take up the White Man's burden-- The savage wars of peace-- <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">Fill full the mouth of Famine <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">And bid the sickness cease; <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">And when your goal is nearest <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">The end for others sought, <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">Watch sloth and heathen Folly <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">Bring all your hopes to nought.

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">Take up the White Man's burden-- <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">No tawdry rule of kings, <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">But toil of serf and sweeper-- <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">The tale of common things. <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">The ports ye shall not enter, <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">The roads ye shall not tread, <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">Go mark them with your living, <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">And mark them with your dead. <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">Why brought he us from bondage, <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">Our loved Egyptian night?" || <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">Take up the White Man's burden-- <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">Ye dare not stoop to less-- <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">Nor call too loud on Freedom <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">To cloke your weariness; <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">By all ye cry or whisper, <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">By all ye leave or do, <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">The silent, sullen peoples <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">Shall weigh your gods and you.

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">Take up the White Man's burden-- <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">Have done with childish days-- <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">The lightly proferred laurel. <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">The easy, ungrudged praise. <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">Comes now, to search your manhood <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">Through all the thankless years <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">Cold, edged with dear-bought wisdom, <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">The judgment of your peers! || <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">This poem refers to the belief that white westerners had the responsibility of ruling of territories inhabited by 'colored people'. The concept was that there were two groups of people, those capable of ruling and those who could only be subject peoples. Kipling urged the U.S. to take up the burden of empire, as had Britain and other European nations. It was the duty of the white man to help the unfit adapt to their society. Published in the issue of //McClure's Magazine//, the poem coincided with the beginning of the Philippine-American War and U.S. Senate ratification of the treaty that placed Puerto Rico, Guam, Cuba, and the Philippines under American control. // <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">This picture shows what Rudyard Kipling wanted to say with his poem. He is trying to say that the white race has the reponsability to protect and help the lower races. In this picture it represent that this task is not easy and that it takes time and effort to do it. The white race feeled that they were obliged to help this lower races. //

<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Anti - Imperialists
<span style="color: black; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial Black',sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Anti-Imperialist League <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">Anti-Imperialist League //<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">was established in 1898 because of the opposition of Americas attempt to gain the Philippine islands. After the Spanish-American war, the peace treaty included that America would gain the Philippines from Spain. The League, however, believed that imperialism was a violation of republicanism. They also thought that annexation of the country would prohibit American ideals of self-government and isolation which were expressed in the Declaration of Independence. The most popular members of the Anti-Imperialist League were Mark Twain, Jane Addams, Ambrose Bierce, and Grover Cleveland etc. Many leaders were liberals and/or Bourbon Democrats, meaning Grover Cleveland's Democrats. They opposed William Jennings Bryan's candidacy in the 1896 presidential election. The 1900 presidential election, however, would eventually cause the anti-imperialists to disband in 1921. // <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">"We deny that the obligation of all citizens to support their Government in times of grave National peril applies to the present situation. If an Administration may with impunity ignore the issues upon which it was chosen, deliberately create a condition of war anywhere on the face of the globe, debauch the civil service for spoils to promote the adventure, organize a truth-suppressing censorship and demand of all citizens a suspension of judgment and their unanimous support while it chooses to continue the fighting, representative government itself is imperiled." <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">From the platform of the Anti-Imperialist League, Boston, 1899 by Stephen Bender

__ [] __ <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Arial Black',sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-align: left;">Andrew Carnegie <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">Andrew Carnegie was Scottish-American industrialist, businessman, entrepreneur, philanthropist, and a major Anti-Imperialist. He was a vice president and a generous donator of Anti-Imperialist League from its formation. He worked for independence of Fillipinos and opposed America involving in Imperialism by giving some lectures and writing what he truly believes about expansion. He wrote to a friend who supports Imperialism: "It is a matter of congratulation that you have about finished your work of civilizing the Filipinos [sic]. It is thought that about 8000 of them have been completely civilized and sent to Heaven. I hope you like it" (Woods). His efforts did not stop there. He even offered $20 million for the independence of the Philippines. It was the amount that the US Government had to pay Spain for the islands. Andrew Carnegie also served as a member of the Philippine Independence Committee and a vice president of the Filipino Progress Association. As a result of his commitment and efforts, a lot of opinions on American involvement in Imperialism had changed. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">

<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial Black',sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-weight: normal;"> William Jennings Bryan <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">William Jennings Bryan was a the Secretary of State for Woodrow Wilson. He was a democrat, a Presbyterian, and strong anti-imperialist. He was especially against American imperialism. He was a strong opponent of Social Darwinism. He wanted to promote democracy in order to end imperialism. Bryan believed that all men are created equal and therefore deserve the same rights as everyone else. He argued against Imperialists saying, if the United States can be a nation where its people have individual rights, why couldn't other countries do also. He also believed that the U.S. involvement in imperializing the Philippines was unjust and was strongly against it. This was because the U.S. did not have a formal ownership of the Philippines, they had taken it from Spain. He did not want the U.S to be seen as an empire but simply as a strong wealthy republic.

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">This link below is an audio excerpt from William Jennings Bryan's famous speech "An Ideal Republic". Here he discusses the benefits of being a republic rather than being an imperialist nation. He argues that because all men are created equal they deserve to build their own societies and from their own nation. It is not the duty of a foreign country to "repair" the, as Social Darwinists would say, "unfit" countries. []

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">The cover of "Puck" magazine shows the American views on imperialism and latest expansion. <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">This image was the cover of Puck on April 6, 1901 (Canvas). The image shows a woman named Columbia looking at herself in a mirror while she is putting on her Easter bonnet. In the bonnet the words world power are written and the smoke from the boat says Expansion. This refers to the American gains from the Spanish-American war (Spanish). Shortly after this territorial expansion, the country started to act in a more imperialistic way. The victory from the Spanish-American war propagated the idea of an American Empire (Spanish). This cartoon perfectly personifies the country's new view on its new power. It viewed its expansion as a great benefit and started to have ideas of expanding even more to become a even stronger world power. ||
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">Columbia's Easter Bonnet

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-weight: normal;"> Mark Twain
//<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">I left these shores, at Vancouver, a red-hot imperialist. I wanted the American eagle to go screaming into the Pacific. It seemed tiresome and tame for it to content itself with the Rockies. //

// Why not spread its wings over the Phillippines, I asked myself? And I thought it would be a real good thing to do. //

// I said to myself, here are a people who have suffered for three centuries. We can make them as free as ourselves, give them a government and country of their own, put a miniature of the American constitution afloat in the Pacific, start a brand new republic to take its place among the free nations of the world. It seemed to me a great task to which had addressed ourselves. //

// But I have thought some more, since then, and I have read carefully the treaty of Paris, and I have seen that we do not intend to free, but to subjugate the people of the Phillippines. We have gone there to conquer, not to redeem. . . //

// It should, it seems to me, be our pleasure and duty to make those people free, and let them deal with their own domestic questions in their own way. And so I am an anti-imperialist. I am opposed to having the eagle put its talons on any other land. ( [] ) //

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">Mark Twain was very anti-imperialist. The above excerpt, from the New York Times ( Oct. 15th 1900), expresses his views on Imperialism. His most famous satire was titled "To the Person Sitting in Darkness" which specifically addressed America's imperialistic moves in the Philippines. Twain was not always against imperialism but when he saw that imperialism was doing more harm then good, he quickly turned against it. He said, "I am an anti-imperialist. I oppose putting the eagles talons on any other land" (History Wiz). He joined an Anti-Imperialist league and was never swayed by critics. This website provides more information about Twain and his anti-imperialistic views: []

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">[]
<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">This link is an interesting and insightful biography of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (a.k.a Mahatma Gandhi). It gives in great detail the life of the renown activist and ends with his tragic assassination in 1948. In efforts against British imperialism, he is well known for his philosophies of civil disobedience and non-violence as well as his extreme (but successful) hunger strikes. Today, he is known around the world as the Father of India and one of the greatest and highly influential political activists of all time.

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/1948/jan/31/india.fromthearchive <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">This link gives details regarding Mr. Gandhi as well, specifically his assassination. It explains his whereabouts the day of and describes the event from the witnesses. Gandhi's death was a shock and a sad event for the countless who loved and respected him and his teachings. Reporters predicted that his death would either cause a mass following to his teachings or mass chaos under the shock of his assassination.

===<span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Arial Black',sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">Literary Criticisms of Imperialism === <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">In one of the most famous depictions of Imperialism, Heart of Darkness proclaims the injustices of the domination of a lesser country. Joseph Conrad, the author, writes from the perspective of an eager sailor who yearns for adventure and glory. The narrator travels deeper and deeper into the Congo, or the heart of Africa. As his journey goes on, the narrator realizes the horror of Imperialism. He sees the corruption of Belgian officials; they lose their sense of morality as obtaining resources becomes an obsession that consumes their life. The most important message in the story is that imperialism, portrayed as a symbol of darkness and evil, clouds one's sense of morality, both individually and nationally.

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">Another acclaimed critic of imperialism is Chinua Achebe. In his novel Things Fall Apart, Achebe praises African tradition and culture. In contrast to Conrad's accusation of the European's greedy economic and political motives, Achebe points out the cultural and social prejudices of the colonialists. He even went so far as to condemn Conrad's novel as being racist. Conrad depicted the Africans as savages; he included the Africans in his depiction of darkness, dehumanizing them to the level of animals.As Conrad's novel is from the perspective of an Englishman who realizes the corruption of Imperialism, Achebe's novel follows the lives of several African natives who desire for their culture to remain untouched by European intrusion. He shows how the Africans had their own way of life before the Europeans forced themselves upon the natives and condemned them for being savages.

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> Imperialism Throughout the Ages
<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">This is a link from author and political scientist, Michael Parenti's, website. It is the first chapter of his 1995 book Against Empire. Adamantly against imperialism, Parenti traces the roots of this phenomenon all the way back to ancient times. He uses Charlemagne's conquest of the Slavs and even modern-day Ireland as examples of imperialism. He connects it the expansion of capitalism and deems it not necessary, just compelling (Parenti). It was truly an interesting take on imperialism in general and was not necessarily confined to one space and time. I never really thought about the impact that it has on modern companies like Citigroup who apparently outsource to Third-World Countries. One of the most intriguing quotes I found was "A graduate student in political science at most universities in this country would not be granted the opportunity to research U.S. imperialism, on the grounds that such an undertaking would not be scholarly. While many people throughout the world charge the United States with being an imperialist power, in this country persons who talk of U.S. imperialism are usually judged to be mouthing ideological blather" (Parenti). It was truly an interesting take on imperialism in general that was not necessarily confined to one space and time. It examined the ideology's roots in the past, its continuation on the present and impact on the future. <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">[]

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">Positive Effects
<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">Imperialism brought progress from European nations to smaller colonies. Europe helped the introduction and construction of roads, canals, and railways. Helping transportation improved the economic stabilization of the colonies allowing trade to grow. Europe helped the building of communication such as telegraph and the newspaper. Education also began with European influences through the creation of schools taught in the Western style.The spread of thought and education helped people become involved in their own colony and gain knowledge of unity amongst each other. For example, farming methods were introduced allowing for mass production of food to be cultivated, which was a positive effect on not only European powers but also for the colony itself. The idea of politics was also introduced by Europe giving the colonies an ideal government to follow and for new theories to evolve. Another influence was religion, which was another way that the colony could come together and have a sense of unity. In New imperialism new methods of sanitation and medical care were introduced allowing the colonist to have longer and healthier lives.

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">Negative Effects
<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">Imperialism created problems into Europe and in the foreign countries. It caused competition between the other countries as everyone tried to gain the most power. This lead to tensions and eventually war as everyone fought over on foreign nation such as; Africa. Not only would the Europeans be affected by this but also the natives as well. They were treated unfairly as Europe began to enforce their national identity upon them. This force of national identity angered the natives which would eventually lead to revolutions. While the Europeans believed to be helping them improve in a way, they were making matters worse. The natives were forced to work as cheap labor. They were controlled by the mother country which limited their freedom. The natives felt that the Europeans intruded onto their land and began forcing upon them their beliefs and customs of Europe.

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<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">The Europeans came into Africa to exploit the continent for power and money. The years of exploitation drained the resources and a cultural dependence on foreign powers ensued. Re-investment in African colonies was not popular so after the imperialist countries left Africa there was no political or economic infrastructure. The Europeans had taken away from the Africans the responsibility to guide their own affairs, which caused the Africans not to be prepared to govern themselves when the Europeans left. The deep-seated tensions between the European powers was one of the main causes of World War I (Introduction to Colonialism in Africa). ====== media type="custom" key="8714946" align="center"

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">This video is about the devastating results of African Imperialism on Africa and the whole world. The Europeans took over of the African economy and political systems and made the Africans dependant on the Europeans. When the Europeans left Africa, the Africans were not able to establish successful governments and military dictatorships usually ensued. Not only did African Imperialism hurt the African people but it also caused political tensions that played a huge role in causing the First World War.

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">Because of the many nations competing over foreign land, imperialism is one of the most prominent causes of World War I. Empires clashed as they fought for the most control overseas. The tension that these conflicts amassed resulted in the explosion of a world war. For instance in the Fashoda Crisis, Britain and France planned to attack each other because they both wanted to control all of Africa. Instead, they peacefully created an alliance to avoid war, yet this alliance piqued Germany's interest enough to invade French territory in Africa. Germany attempted to test the strength of this threatening alliance by invading the French territory of Morocco; his failed attempts are known as the First and Second Moroccan Crises.The strained relationship between France and Britain and the power-hungry Germany was a contributing factor of World War I.There are many other incidents of competitive quarrels over international affairs that instigated the Great War such as the Bosnian Crisis where Austria claimed domination over Bosnia-Herzegovina and the Russo-Turkish War in which Russia fought the Ottomans for a greater influence in the Balkans.

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<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">Through years of imperialism, Europeans transformed the environment and the social norms and cultures of their colonial subjects. Europeans gained control of the globe through military and economic strength, as well as by their cultural influence. Imperialists sought to spread Western culture which was manifested in aspects such as education, religion, law and government, language, and dress. There were very few exceptions to the fact that this Western culture transformed and restructured the social fabric of the areas conquered through imperialism. One major effect of the European presence was the construction of new divisions and hierarchies in society. For example, the establishment of Western schools and universities raised up a new class of elite, well educated, westernized individuals. The Europeans hoped that by bringing Western education to the natives, they would be able to bridge the gap between the imperialists and the imperialized. Ideally, the natives who attended these schools would develop an appreciation and a sense of loyalty to the Europeans. At the same time, Europeans reinforced traditional social classes. For example, the British supported the caste class divisions in India. European Imperialists also literally built up the colonized areas. As more and more cities were created, schools, hospitals, ports, and other infrastructures were erected. Ambitious modernization projects were undertaken to clear slums, making way for the construction of new housing and railroads. Despite all of these changes that seemed to aid the imperialized areas, Europeans still were loyal to their responsibility of the White Man's Burden. They believed themselves to be a superior race. This was reflected in the reforms and Westernization process they established. For example, in the construction of colonial cities, Europeans built very safe, enjoyable and sanitary residences for themselves. The natives, on the other hand, were forced to cluster into unhealthy and cramped urban areas. Some areas even went so far as to segregate towns based on culture or skin color. (Chambers 804-807). ======

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<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">Imperialism is the domination of one country's political, economic, and social structures. By spreading imperialistic ideas in Africa, European powers gained economic stability, raw materials, cheap labor, and access to waterways. In forty years Europe had taken over much of Africa. European power was pulled by the technology of the industrial revolution which gave Europe the ability to conquer Africa quickly and efficiently. Europeans believed that Imperialism was for the betterment of mankind, by teaching the savage Africans to become civilized, as well as through edict and religious transformations. European Imperialism came at a great cost to Africa, however, and many people were killed and much land unjustly taken.

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">World Economy
<span style="color: black; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">In Calwer’s title book //An Introduction to the World Economy//, he summarizes what he classified as the five main economic areas into a useful visual data table. This table shows the economic status of Central Europe(the whole of Europe with the exception of Russia and Great Britain), Great Britain, Russia, Eastern Asia, and America(he includes the colonies in the “areas” of the states). Crawler describes the relations that these places take at the turn of the twentieth century. He describes the world economy along with the strengths and weaknesses that each place portrays. <span style="color: black; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">economic <span style="color: black; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">areas || <span style="color: black; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Area || <span style="color: black; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Pop. |||| <span style="color: black; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Transport || <span style="color: black; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Trade |||||| <span style="color: black; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Industry || <span style="color: black; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">miles || <span style="color: black; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Millions || <span style="color: black; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Railways <span style="color: black; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">(thou. km) || <span style="color: black; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Mercantile <span style="color: black; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">fleet (mill- <span style="color: black; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">ions tons) || <span style="color: black; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Imports, <span style="color: black; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">exports <span style="color: black; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">(thous-million <span style="color: black; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">marks) |||| <span style="color: black; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Output ||  || <span style="color: black; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">tons) || <span style="color: black; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Of pig iron <span style="color: black; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">(mill. tons) || <span style="color: black; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Number <span style="color: black; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">of cotton <span style="color: black; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">spindles <span style="color: black; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">(millions) || <span style="color: black; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Europe || <span style="color: black; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">27.6 <span style="color: black; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">(23.6) || <span style="color: black; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">388 <span style="color: black; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">(146) || <span style="color: black; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">204 || <span style="color: black; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">8 || <span style="color: black; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">41 || <span style="color: black; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">251 || <span style="color: black; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">15 || <span style="color: black; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">26 || <span style="color: black; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">(28.6) || <span style="color: black; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">398 <span style="color: black; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">(355) || <span style="color: black; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">140 || <span style="color: black; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">11 || <span style="color: black; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">25 || <span style="color: black; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">249 || <span style="color: black; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">9 || <span style="color: black; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">51 ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Principal
 * ^  || <span style="color: black; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Million sq.
 * ^  ||^   ||^   ||^   ||^   ||^   || <span style="color: black; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Of coal (mill.
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">1) Central
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">2) Britain || <span style="color: black; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">28.9
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">3) Russia || <span style="color: black; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">22 || <span style="color: black; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">131 || <span style="color: black; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">63 || <span style="color: black; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">1 || <span style="color: black; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">3 || <span style="color: black; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">16 || <span style="color: black; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">3 || <span style="color: black; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">7 ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">4) Eastern Asia || <span style="color: black; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">12 || <span style="color: black; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">389 || <span style="color: black; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">8 || <span style="color: black; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">1 || <span style="color: black; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">2 || <span style="color: black; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">8 || <span style="color: black; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">0.02 || <span style="color: black; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">2 ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">5) America || <span style="color: black; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">30 || <span style="color: black; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">148 || <span style="color: black; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">379 || <span style="color: black; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">6 || <span style="color: black; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">14 || <span style="color: black; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">245 || <span style="color: black; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">14 || <span style="color: black; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">19 ||

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">Gender and Empire
<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">Most of the European Imperialists were men, traveling to the colonies as soldiers, officials and administrators. At the same time however, women also traveled to the foreign lands and lived there. Women were still viewed as unequal to the European men, but were nevertheless considered part of the superior race. Women were allowed to contribute in the spread of Imperialism though this added complexity and controversy to their roles. Life in the colonies provided them opportunities that were not allowed in Europe where there were restrictions based on social status, small numbers of marriageable men, or difficulty in finding employment. Although they enjoyed and appreciated the greater freedom allowed them in the colonies, Imperialistic women still educated the indigenous and uncivilized peoples with the ideas of female dependency and subordination to men they knew so well. At the same time, they were seen as a blessing to the natives. Women, not men, were more likely to see the needs of them and respond accordingly. Some argue that this was one of the downfalls of imperialism as it gave power and status to the natives, making them more likely to revolt against their superior European masters.

==<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 19px;"> Imperialism in the Modern World == ===<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 19px;"> Imperialism in the Twentieth Century === <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; line-height: 18pt;">Early in the twentieth century, with a past already filled with colonization, Imperialism was revived by the major European powers of the time; Great Britain, France, Germany, and Russia. The ﻿industrial revolution was brewing. It brought about advancement and power to nations which it affected the most. These waves of progress allowed opportunity for major growth. Encouraged by these new strengths, nations sought to expand not only within their borders, but also to revamp their overseas empires and look for new benefits in far off lands. Early in the twentieth century, with a past already filled with colonization, Imperialism was revived by the major European powers of the time; Great Britain, France, Germany, and Russia. The ﻿industrial revolution﻿ was brewing. It brought about advancement and power to nations which it affected the most. These waves of progress allowed opportunity for major growth. Encouraged by these new strengths, nations sought to expand not only within their borders, but also to revamp their overseas empires and look for new benefits in far off lands. Imperialism in the twentieth century may have done the world a whole lot of good. The whole world was effected, even if not directly, by this age. It was forced to realize a quick adaptation to a world where economies grow at a rapid pace, with science and technology not far behind.

Imperialism in the Twenty-First Century
This link is to a journal entry in the ICAAP database that debates the topic of modern Imperialism and shows it to be prevalent in the world today. Paula Cerni MPhil states that the modern economy and capitalism keep imperialism alive and well today. The part I found most intriguing was about China rising as not only a capitalist power but as an imperialist one as well. With China's income from trade growing exponentially each year and their influence in Asia increasing, Cerni predicts that it is only a matter of years until China surpasses the United States as the the world's leading power, thus increasing its spheres of influence to one of a global scale. <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">[] ===<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 19px;"> <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">Modern U.S. Imperialism ===

media type="youtube" key="PIv3XVM5PVk" height="390" width="480"
<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">This link is very useful, for it provides a well organized visual along with detailed information of the United States modern imperialism. Thirty years ago scientists realized that resources on oil were very low, that is, until a surplus amount was found in the Persian Gulf. It did not take long for Washington to take action and take advantage of the quantity found in the Persian Gulf. In 1980 President Carter declared the Middle East a zone of influence for us only. He made it clear that anyone who opposes the idea of U.S. control in the gulf would be acted on by military force. One is able to see in the clip that the U.S. took this area very seriously because protecting it became a priority and a duty, to maintain the supply of oil. This can be proved when president Regan created the Central Command which was in case of emergency; there would be troops on the ready to go to the Persian Gulf and protect oil tankers area. Protecting this region was not that easy either, there was a pre-planned Iraq war, described in the clip. The U.S. realized that they needed stabilized force in order to maintain their oil control.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"> ===<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 19px;"> U.S. in Latin America === <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">[|Obama trip aimed at salvaging US interests in Latin America] <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">The article linked above talks about President Barack Obama's recent trip to Latin America. He visited Brazil, Chile, and El Salvador. His main goal on the trip was to establish better economic relations with these thriving Latin American nations; he also sought to improve free trade agreements with them. Obama viewed the trip as an opportune chance to bring US morale up in South America. Previously, there was resentment towards the U.S. brewing within these Latin American countries. Brazilians were upset with the United States because they felt that the U.S. was intruding upon the Brazilian bourgeoisie for their own personal profit. Other Latin American nations did not see the U.S. as being involved in South America, since President Obama had not visited South America in over 3 years. This feeling of neglect made the people angry and upset with the United States.

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">Obama recognized this issue and wanted to solve it by using the trip as a way to unite South America and the U.S. once again. President Obama also desired to make use of the natural oil reserves in South America. China had earlier claims to these oil reserves, but Obama is determined to make a stake in the South American oil industry. This trip is a perfect example of how imperialism is still prevalent in our world. The United States relies on other countries for important products, and Obama knows that a good relationship with Latin America is vital for the economic stability of the United States.

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">Comparing the U.S.'s Imperialism in 1898 to Modern U.S. Imperialism
<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">[] <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">The article linked above discusses the importance of the year 1898 (The Spanish-American War) for the United States. This was the year that the United States truly became known as an imperialistic power with the invasion of Cuba, the Philippines, gaining Guam and Puerto Rico, and the annexation of Hawaii following the Spanish-American War. Prior to the war, Spain was a reigning imperialistic European power; however, the Spanish-American War signified the end to that Spanish reign and the beginning of the United States path to imperialism. 1898 marked a change in history because the United States was no longer watching from afar they were then trying to expand their own trade and areas for obtaining natural resources. <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">The United States imperialism in 1898 is comparable to that of today's imperialism. This is because in 1898, The United States invaded these Latin American countries to help them get away from oppressive protectors, and the United States claims the same for its current invasion of Afghanistan, Iraq and perhaps Libya in the future. To this day, historians question the United States motive for imperialism, claiming if it was for economic motives or moral motives? This is a question that will puzzle historians for years to come.

<span style="color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: left;">Travel as a Form of Imperialism Today
<span style="color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; text-align: left;">This website :[] gives a new view of imperialism today. Tourism expert David Jobanputra states in his article Travel as Imperialism that modern tourism (1915- ) is no different from the imperialism of 1850-1914. I highly recommend reading this article; we think of imperialism as nations going over to foreign lands and taking political control but we would never think of our self going to Panama as being imperialistic. This excerpt from the article sums up what Jobanputra is trying to say: As a consequence, local livelihoods are transformed; its out with farming, fishing and forestry, in with service, subservience. At the heart of this arrangement is dependence. It is a guest-host relationship in which the host is wholly at the mercy of its parasitic guest. As such, the latter must be kept happy; anything that the guest desires is promptly provided, regardless of its fit with local tradition. Swimming pools, beach bars, English breakfasts and banana pancakes these are the wants of imperial travelers. If the good sahib wishes to eat a hamburger in Hyderabad, or if maam sahib is wont to wear her miniskirt in Marrakesh, so be it! (Tour Dust). Cultural Imperialism



<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 8pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">Cultural imperialism is the practice of promoting, distinguishing, separating, and artificially injecting the culture or language of one nation in another. It is becoming one of the more prominent forms of modern imperialism, especially in terms of the United States. This method involves the marketing of simple consumer goods as well as the teaching and implementation of principles, such as freedom and democracy.

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 8pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">The relationship between America and the rest of the world is best demonstrated in its popular culture. The implementation of cultural imperialism is largely made possible through marketing. “When selling an item, a brand, or even an entire culture, marketers have created an association of American products with this idea of ‘modernity’ in the minds of consumers throughout the world. This marketing strategy views America as the ‘Land of the Cool’ as marketers refer to it, associating American products with that of the ‘popular’ culture worldwide” (Cultural Imperialism).

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 8pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Many argue that cultural imperialism is America’s method of trying to control and benefit from other countries. However, in response, there are also those that argue that cultural imperialism is in the best interest of the world at large. They argue that the removal of cultural barriers by means of American cultural imperialism could in many ways promote a more stable and consistent world.

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 8pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">However, there is resistance against U.S. cultural imperialism. Europeans take pride in their traditions and fear that the pervasiveness and allure of the American culture toward the younger generations will cause their traditions to eventually fade away. America’s culture is symbolized in branded goods, such as Coke and iPods, as well as food chains, like Dunkin’ Donuts and McDonalds, music and film, all of which appeal to the younger generations. Many Europeans fear that this culture will take over for the more “traditional” cultures (Cultural Imperialism).

==Imperialism in Libya <span style="color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: left;">media type="youtube" key="ZuXptSBtL-o" height="390" width="640" ==

<span style="color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: left;">This video is a report from a military commander explaining what is happening in Libya and is a great example of imperialism today. Along with other nations in NATO, the United States is going to Libya in order to enforce the no fly zone, prevent further attacks by regime forces on Libyan civilians and reestablish democracy. However, the issue that is arising with this intervention is similar to many other imperialist motives in the past. Some people believe that the ulterior motive is to establish imperial control in Libya and then get the oil. Libya is one of the top oil exporters in the world and the dominant countries in NATO (U.S, UK, and France) are the top oil consumers. Along with this video this website link has a news article, "Imperialist War In Libya: Motives And Dynamics" that goes into a more in depth explanation on what is happening right now. However, be warned that the author is very anti-foreign intervention and some of his facts may be bias: [] Altogether, what is happening in the news today with Libya completely mirrors what happened in history time and time again with imperialist nations; some are for the dominant nations to take the responsibility and restore the Libyan peace and other are against it because they believe there is an ulterior motive to monopolize the natural resources, i.e. oil